business-ownership

BUSINESS OWNERSHIP

How to Cite Black Wealth Data Center

To cite the Black Wealth Data Center, please refer to the [CC-BY-NC-ND](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) license and use the below format:

Publisher. Date accessed, Article/Page Title, Website Title, URL

Example:

The Black Wealth Data Center. (2022). Explore Data - Assets & Debt. “Average Assets for Individuals, by Race/Ethnicity (Statewide, 2018)”. Blackwealthdata.org.
https://blackwealthdata.org/explore/assets

How to Cite Black Wealth Data Center 

BOW Local to National Scale

Data from [Annual Business Survey (ABS)](https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/abs/about.html) and [Small Business Administration (SBA)](https://data.sba.gov/dataset/ppp-foia) are used for national and state measures of business ownership. 

The ABS is an annual survey of records of all nonfarm employer businesses filing the 941, 944, or 1120 tax forms. It is a survey conducted jointly by the U.S. Census Bureau and the National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics within the National Science Foundation. The ABS reports on key firm characteristics from a national to metro-area level. Any financial values are in current dollars from the reporting year. Aggregation of employer firms, employees, and receipts is built bottom-up, from state to national, meaning that for areas of employment that do not meet US Census standards of publication, those records are not represented in the sector aggregation. Race categories exclude firms that are Hispanic-owned. When firms are labeled as Hispanic-owned, they are categorized as Hispanic. Remaining firms are categorized by race. Number of employees is calculated by BWDC based on source data. When ABS provides a categorical range instead of number, i.e. "0 to 19 employees", the lower value is used. Number of employer firms is calculated by BWDC based on source data. When ABS published 'D' (withheld to avoid disclosing data) or 'S' (estimate does not meet publication standard) as the number of employer firms, 0 is used as the number of employer firms.

[The Small Business Administration (SBA) 7(a) & 504 loan programs](https://data.sba.gov/dataset/7-a-504-foia)are the two most common SBA loan programs. This data is reported in aggregate from the local to national level by the Black Wealth Data Center. All financial values are in current dollars from the reporting year and not inflation-adjusted, so care should be taken in comparing year over year financial dollars. The Black Wealth Data Center instead focuses on comparisons for relative distribution (e.g. percentage of funds within a year) and geographic distribution (e.g. number of grants in a year to a geographic area.) In order to crosswalk the zip code level loan data to counties, BWDC has used the HUD USPS zip code crosswalk published in Q4 of 2021 here: https://www.huduser.gov/portal/datasets/usps_crosswalk.html

[The Small Business Administration (SBA) Paycheck Protection Program](https://www.sba.gov/funding-programs/loans/covid-19-relief-options/paycheck-protection-program) was a relief program administered during the COVID-19 pandemic. This dataset is a fixed dataset, as the program is finished. All financial values are in current dollars from the reporting year and not inflation-adjusted, so care should be taken in comparing year over year financial dollars. This data is reported in aggregate from the local to national level by the Black Wealth Data Center. The PPP source data contains a field called "Gender" with the values "Female Owned", "Male Owned", "Unanswered". BWDC has renamed this field to sex on the visualization. In order to crosswalk the zipcode level loan data to counties, BWDC has used the HUD USPS zip code crosswalk published in Q4 of 2021 here: https://www.huduser.gov/portal/datasets/usps_crosswalk.html

Bureau of Labor Statistics data and the [American Community Survey (ACS)](https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/about.html) reports applications for business formation at a county level. Business Formations includes all applications for an EIN, except for applications for tax liens, estates, trusts, or certain financial filings, applications with no state-county geocodes, applications with certain NAICS codes in sector 11 (agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting) or 92 (public administration) that have low transition rates, and applications in certain industries (e.g. private households, civic and social organizations).

The Black Population Percentage filter uses data from the American Community Survey 5-year 2021 estimates. The ACS is a dataset that provides information at a community level about employment, education, health, income, and infrastructure, among many other topics. The ACS provides measures of 1-year or 5-year estimates, and the Black Wealth Data Center uses 5-year estimates, which are considered the most reliable, and most appropriate for analyzing small populations.
The ACS provides both reported numbers and estimate numbers, and the Black Wealth Data Center uses both types of measures throughout the Business Ownership page; estimate values are denoted as such. All financial dollars have been inflation-adjusted to the year of the survey (e.g. ACS 2022 5-year values are shown in inflation-adjusted 2022 dollars.)


Local to National Scale

BOW National & State

Black Wealth Data Center calculations from US Census and National Science Foundation, Annual Business Survey (ABS), 2019. 2019 is the most recent year. All financial records are reported in current 2019 dollars.
Descriptor words: national, abs, annual business survey, number of employer firms, number of employees, firm size, receipt amount, revenue, business, entrepreneurship

Number of Employer Firms, by Firm Size, by Race/Ethnicity

Number of Employer Firms, by Firm Receipt Amount, by Race/Ethnicity

Black Wealth Data Center calculations from US Census and National Science Foundation, Annual Business Survey (ABS), 2019. 2019 is the most recent year. All financial records are reported in current 2019 dollars. Information is not shown when there is insufficient data as determined by the dataset provider.
Descriptor words: national, abs, annual business survey, number of employer firms, number of employees, firm size, receipt amount, revenue, business, entrepreneurship

Number of Employer Firms by Race/Ethnicity

Explore indicators and measures of business ownership at a national and state level

BOW State & Local

Black Wealth Data Center calculations from US Small Business Administration, 504 and 7(a) loans, 2010-2019. 2019 was the last full year of loans pre-pandemic and is the year used as "business-as-expected" comparison. US Census, American Community Survey 2020 five-year estimates. 2020 is the most recent year for five-year estimates. All financial records are reported in current dollars.
Descriptor words: county, zipcode, zip code, sba, small business applications, 7a, 7(a), 504, business loans, loan amount, small business association, business, entrepreneurship, startup, start up, entrepreneur, new businesses, financing, government loans, federal loans

Small Business Applications 7(a) and 504 Loan Amount by Race/Ethnicity

Number of SBA 7(a) and 504 Loan Applications

Black Wealth Data Center calculations from US Small Business Administration, Paycheck Protection Program, 2020-2021. The progran ended in 2021. US Census American Community Survey 2020 five-year estimates. 2020 is the most recent year for five-year estimates. All financial records are reported in current dollars.
Descriptor words: county, zipcode, zip code, paycheck protection program, pay check, government loan, federal loan, loan amount, COVID, COVID-19, covid, 19, small business loans, pandemic relief funding, corona, corona virus

Paycheck Protection Program Loan Amount by Race/Ethnicity

Number of Paycheck Protection Program Loans by Race/Ethnicity

Black Wealth Data Center calculations from US Small Business Administration, 504 and 7(a) loans, 2010-2019. 2019 was the last full year of loans pre-pandemic and is the year used as “business-as-expected” comparison. US Small Business Administration Paycheck Protection Program, 2020-2021. The program ended in 2021. US Census, American Community Survey 2020 five-year estimates. 2020 is the most recent year for five-year estimates.  All financial records are reported in current dollars.
Descriptor words: county, zipcode, zip code, sba, small business applications, 7a, 7(a), 504, business loans, small business association, business, entrepreneurship, startup, start up, entrepreneur, new businesses, financing, paycheck protection program, pay check, government loan, federal loan, loan amount, COVID, COVID-19,, covid, 19, pandemic relief funding, corona virus, corona

Explore the Relationship between Small Business Administration 7(a) and 504 Loan Amount in 2019 and Paycheck Protection Program Loan Amount to Identify Outliers by County

Explore the Relationship between Small Business Administration 7(a) and 504 Loan Applications and Number of and Paycheck Protection Program Loans 

Black Wealth Data Center calculations from US Census and collaborators, Business Formation Statistics, 2005-2021. US Census, American Community Survey 2020 five-year estimates. 
Descriptor words: county, business formations, new business, number of businesses, business formation statistics, over time, business applications, new 

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